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<title>Joseph Chaikin</title>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Joseph Chaikin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-09-16</span>)</span>16 September 1935<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Brooklyn%2C_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">USA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 2003<span style="display:none">(2003-06-22)</span> (aged 67)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="New_York_City%2C_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City, New York">New York City, New York</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">USA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">Theatre director</a>, actor, <a href="Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="Pedagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogue">pedagogue</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Miriam_Chaikin" title="Miriam Chaikin">Miriam Chaikin</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Joseph Chaikin</b> (September 16, 1935 – June 22, 2003) was an American <a href="Theatre_director" title="Theatre director">theatre director</a>, actor, <a href="Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, and <a href="Pedagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogue">pedagogue</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

<p>The youngest of five children, Chaikin was born to a poor Jewish family living in the <a href="Borough_Park%2C_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a> neighborhood of Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-amNY_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amNY-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of six, he was struck with <a href="Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a>, and he continued to suffer from resulting heart complications throughout his life. At the age of ten, he was sent to the National Children's Cardiac Hospital in Florida. It was during this period of isolation he began to organize theater games with other children. After two years in Florida, his health improved, and he was returned to his family, who had moved to <a href="Des_Moines%2C_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>, where his father had taken a job teaching.

</p><p>Chaikin briefly attended <a href="Drake_University" title="Drake University">Drake University</a> in <a href="Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and then returned to New York to begin a career in theater, studying with various acting coaches, while struggling to survive working a variety of jobs. He appeared as a <a href="Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">figurant</a> at the <a href="Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>, and gradually began to be cast in legitimate stage roles, going on to work with <a href="The_Living_Theatre" title="The Living Theatre">The Living Theatre</a> before founding in 1963 <a href="The_Open_Theater" title="The Open Theater">The Open Theater</a> a theater co-operative that progressed from a closed experimental laboratory to a performance ensemble.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

<p>Open Theater allowed Chaikin and his colleagues the space to experiment with unconventional and organic drama techniques. They embraced dance and musical performance practices and encouraged actors to be more expressive in the body. When asked in a 1999 interview why he was compelled to start Open Theater, Chaikin responded, "I’m not crazy about naturalism on stage. An actor is an interpretive artist. They can take their talent further. I wanted them to stretch, be creative."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Open Theatre's most famous and critically acclaimed production, <i>The Serpent</i>, was developed largely from the actors' own experiences, using the Bible as text, but incorporating current events, such as the violence of the 1960s. An Open Theatre exercise by <a href="Jean-Claude_van_Itallie" title="Jean-Claude van Itallie">Jean-Claude van Itallie</a>, "Interview," became part of the play <i><a href="America_Hurrah" title="America Hurrah">America Hurrah</a></i>, and Chaikin directed the "Interview" section when the play opened at the Pocket Theatre in 1966. In 1969 Open Theatre performed <i><a href="Endgame_(play)" title="Endgame (play)">Endgame</a></i> by Samuel Beckett, with Chaikin playing the role of Hamm and Peter Maloney as Clov, at the Cite Universitaire, Paris, and in 1970 at the Grasslands Penitentiary, a fulfillment of Chaikin's desire to experiment with audiences who would be fundamentally and culturally different from cosmopolitan audiences.

</p><p>In 1970-71 Open Theatre performed <i>Terminal</i> by <a href="Susan_Yankowitz" title="Susan Yankowitz">Susan Yankowitz</a>, touring the production internationally—including at the <a href="Shiraz_Arts_Festival" title="Shiraz Arts Festival">Shiraz Arts Festival</a> in Iran (1971)--as well as to many maximum and minimum security prisons in the eastern U.S. and Canada. The Open Theater operated for about ten years. Chaikin closed the Open Theatre in 1973 because he said it was in danger of becoming an institution. Although it achieved much critical success, Chaikin said: "I have rarely known a case where a critic's response to actors, directors or writers has expanded or encouraged their talent- I <i>have</i> known cases where by panning or praising, the critic has crushed or discouraged creative inspiration".

</p><p>In 1977, Chaikin formed an experimental workshop company called The Winter Project, whose members included <a href="Ronnie_Gilbert" title="Ronnie Gilbert">Ronnie Gilbert</a>, <a href="Corey_Fischer" title="Corey Fischer">Corey Fischer</a>, <a href="Robbie_McCauley" title="Robbie McCauley">Robbie McCauley</a>, Mark Samuels, Robert Montgomery, <a href="Christopher_McCann" title="Christopher McCann">Christopher McCann</a>, and <a href="Will_Patton" title="Will Patton">Will Patton</a>, as well as core members of the previous Open Theatre, among others. In the Winter Project, Chaikin proposed and participated in explorations of the boundary between life and death, the actor as storyteller, listening, found dialogue and more.

</p><p>His production of <i><a href="The_Dybbuk" title="The Dybbuk">The Dybbuk</a></i> at the Public Theater in 1977-78 was, to some extent, influenced by some of these researches. Chaikin had a close working relationship with <a href="Sam_Shepard" title="Sam Shepard">Sam Shepard</a> and they co-wrote the plays <i><a href="Tongues_(play)" title="Tongues (play)">Tongues</a></i> and <i><a href="Savage/Love" title="Savage/Love">Savage/Love</a></i>, both of which premiered at San Francisco's <a href="Magic_Theatre" title="Magic Theatre">Magic Theatre</a>. They were commissioned to write <i>When The World Was Green</i> for the <a href="1996_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Olympics">1996 Olympics</a> in <a href="Atlanta%2C_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, later collaborating to write <i>The War in Heaven</i>. Chaikin was an expert on <a href="Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>.

</p><p>Chaikin adapted <i><a href="Stories_and_Texts_for_Nothing" title="Stories and Texts for Nothing">Texts for Nothing</a></i> with Steven Kent who directed him in a solo show based on the material which performed at the <a href="Public_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Theater">Public Theater</a> in New York, at the Roundhouse Theatre in London, the American Center in Paris, and in Toronto. Chaikin directed a number of Beckett's plays, including <i><a href="Endgame_(play)" title="Endgame (play)">Endgame</a></i> at the <a href="Manhattan_Theatre_Club" title="Manhattan Theatre Club">Manhattan Theatre Club</a> and <i><a href="Happy_Days_(play)" title="Happy Days (play)">Happy Days<i></i></a></i> at <a href="Cherry_Lane_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry Lane Theater">Cherry Lane Theater</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div>

<ul><li>Chaikin received six <a href="Obie_Award" title="Obie Award">Obie Awards</a>, including one for Lifetime Achievement, and two <a href="Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowships</a>.</li>

<li>His book <i>The Presence of The Actor</i> was first published in 1972 by Theatre Communications Group, and a second edition followed in 1991. Based on his experiments with actors, the book includes exemplar notes, photographs, and exercises from Open Theatre productions, and records Chaikin's ideas about theater as a tool for social transformation.</li>

<li>In 2010, he was inducted, posthumously, into the <a href="American_Theater_Hall_of_Fame" title="American Theater Hall of Fame">American Theater Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

<p>In 1984, Chaikin suffered a <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> during his third <a href="Open-heart_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-heart surgery">open-heart surgery</a>, which left him with partial <a href="Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>. Following this, several writers, including Jean-Claude van Itallie, Susan Yankowitz, and Sam Shepard, wrote plays specifically for Chaikin to perform and direct, including <i>The War in Heaven</i> (by Chaikin and Shepard<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which was directed by Steven Kent. Chaikin performed the piece in San Diego, Atlanta, and Parma, Italy. Samuel Beckett's last poem, "What Is the Word?", was written for and dedicated to Chaikin.

</p><p>Chaikin was a lifelong teacher of acting and directing, and lived most of his adult life in New York's West Village, at <a href="Westbeth_Artists_Community" title="Westbeth Artists Community">Westbeth Artists Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-recollections_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recollections-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sisters included the children's writer <a href="Miriam_Chaikin" title="Miriam Chaikin">Miriam Chaikin</a>, and Shami Chaikin, an actor.<sup id="cite_ref-recollections_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-recollections-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amNY_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amNY-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amny.com/news/miriam-chaikin-90-childrens-book-writer-who-loved-israel">"Miriam Chaikin, 90, children's book writer who loved Israel"</a>. <i>amNY</i>. 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, Liz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bombsite.com/issues/68/articles/2252">"Joseph Chaikin"</a>, <a href="Bomb_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb Magazine">Bomb Magazine</a>, Summer, 1998. Retrieved on June 19, 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146911-Theater-Hall-of-Fame-Ceremony-Honoring-Linda-Lavin-Brian-Dennehy-Michael-Blakemore-Presented-Jan-24">Playbill.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204659/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/146911-Theater-Hall-of-Fame-Ceremony-Honoring-Linda-Lavin-Brian-Dennehy-Michael-Blakemore-Presented-Jan-24">Archived</a> 2014-02-22 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChaikinShepardHarris1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chaikin, Joseph; Shepard, Sam; Harris, Rick (1985). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3245529">"The War in Heaven (Angel's Monologue)"</a></span>. <i>Performing Arts Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (2/3): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>262. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3245529">10.2307/3245529</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0735-8393">0735-8393</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3245529">3245529</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193962535">193962535</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-recollections-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-recollections_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-recollections_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChaikin" class="citation web cs1">Chaikin, Miriam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westbeth.org/westbeth-chronicles/miriam-chaiken-anthropologist">"Shami, Joe, and Molly"</a>. <i>Westbeth Artists Community</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBelluso2004" class="citation journal cs1">Belluso, John (Fall 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/theater/v034/34.3rogoff.pdf">"Remembering Joseph Chaikin (1935-2003)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theater</i>. <b>34</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>30. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01610775-34-3-101">10.1215/01610775-34-3-101</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-0775">0161-0775</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145765519">145765519</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-15</span></span>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Blumenthal2003" class="citation news cs1">Ralph Blumenthal (24 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00EEDD123BF937A15755C0A9659C8B63">"Joseph Chaikin 67 [<i>sic</i>]: Actor and Innovative Director"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-15</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/409853">Joseph Chaikin</a> at the <a href="Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> </li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/494">Joseph Chaikin</a> at the <a href="Internet_Off-Broadway_Database" title="Internet Off-Broadway Database">Internet Off-Broadway Database</a> (archived)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0149679/">Joseph Chaikin</a> at <a href="IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.josephchaikin.com">Website of the documentary film <i>The Presence of Joseph Chaikin</i></a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Director45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Drama_Desk_Award_for_Outstanding_Director" title="Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director">Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jack_Landau_(director)" title="Jack Landau (director)">Jack Landau</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Quintero" title="José Quintero">José Quintero</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="William_Ball_(director)" title="William Ball (director)">William Ball</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Ulu_Grosbard" title="Ulu Grosbard">Ulu Grosbard</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Hardy_(director)" title="Joseph Hardy (director)">Joseph Hardy</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Moore_(director)" title="Robert Moore (director)">Robert Moore</a> / <a href="Tom_O'Horgan" title="Tom O'Horgan">Tom O'Horgan</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Tom_O'Horgan" title="Tom O'Horgan">Tom O'Horgan</a> / <a href="Neal_Kenyon" title="Neal Kenyon">Neal Kenyon</a> / <a href="Alan_Arkin" title="Alan Arkin">Alan Arkin</a> / <a href="Michael_Schultz" title="Michael Schultz">Michael Schultz</a> / <a href="Gordon_Davidson_(director)" title="Gordon Davidson (director)">Gordon Davidson</a> / <a href="Edwin_Sherin" title="Edwin Sherin">Edwin Sherin</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Jerzy_Grotowski" title="Jerzy Grotowski">Jerzy Grotowski</a> / <a href="Alan_Arkin" title="Alan Arkin">Alan Arkin</a> / <a href="Ron_Field" title="Ron Field">Ron Field</a> / <a href="Joseph_Hardy_(director)" title="Joseph Hardy (director)">Joseph Hardy</a> / <a href="Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (1970)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Wilson_(director)" title="Robert Wilson (director)">Robert Wilson</a> / <a href="Andre_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Gregory">Andre Gregory</a> / <a href="Peter_Brook" title="Peter Brook">Peter Brook</a> / <a href="Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a> / <a href="Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> / <a href="Tom_O'Horgan" title="Tom O'Horgan">Tom O'Horgan</a> / <a href="Paul_Sills" title="Paul Sills">Paul Sills</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Mel_Shapiro" title="Mel Shapiro">Mel Shapiro</a> / <a href="Andrei_%C8%98erban" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Șerban">Andrei Serban</a> / <a href="Peter_Hall_(director)" title="Peter Hall (director)">Peter Hall</a> / <a href="Jeff_Bleckner" title="Jeff Bleckner">Jeff Bleckner</a> / <a href="A._J._Antoon" title="A. J. Antoon">A. J. Antoon</a> / <a href="Mel_Shapiro" title="Mel Shapiro">Mel Shapiro</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Victor_Garcia_(director)" title="Victor Garcia (director)">Victor Garcia</a> / / <a href="Roberta_Sklar" title="Roberta Sklar">Roberta Sklar</a> / <a href="Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> / <a href="Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> / <a href="Michael_Rudman" title="Michael Rudman">Michael Rudman</a> / <a href="Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Quintero" title="José Quintero">José Quintero</a> / <a href="Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> / <a href="Frank_Dunlop_(director)" title="Frank Dunlop (director)">Frank Dunlop</a> / <a href="Marvin_Felix_Camillo" title="Marvin Felix Camillo">Marvin Felix Camillo</a> / <a href="Harold_Prince" title="Harold Prince">Harold Prince</a> (1974)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6282054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2354" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6282054#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2354" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114551776">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/111246219">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1717837">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWPrQyRrRHxVwfJMhyh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120604736">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83068976">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12384467z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12384467z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19940000014544&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073061883">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90065517">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N8337">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810674978905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007336502005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14240394">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_120604736">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/800567">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120604736">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/06036453X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63t9hpm">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/7c0cd4dc-2204-4b3e-a221-adb9f3912c14">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Joseph_Chaikin&oldid=1291979893">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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